Note for Writing Task 1 Ielts Free Essays

Vocational Placement for Sociological and Cultural Factors

Question: Talk about theVocational Placement for Sociological and Cultural Factors. Answer: Sociological and social variables are among the main considerations which influence the presentation of any association (Bitektine, 2011, pp. 151-179). As a representative of a specific wellbeing association, sociological and social variables have been among the central point which influence us as the workers, the administration of the association, the customers of the association, and the general execution of the whole wellbeing association. In this report, we will examine how sociological and social variables influence the customers in the network work and administrations. For compelling examination of our question, we will utilize an exploration based way to deal with decide how sociological and social influence the customers in the network work and administrations. To gather the necessary information, we will utilize perception technique, dissect different approaches and strategies of the association, analyze the site of the association, and pose different inquiries concerning th e sociological and social variables influencing the association (Bova and Mina, 2014). The inquiries will be posed orally, and the poll technique will be utilized to certain individuals with talking/hearing issues or the individuals who dont like noting oral meetings (Gillham, 2008). The reactions acquired will assist us with knowing the impacts of sociological and social factors on this wellbeing association and different associations when all is said in done. In the wake of gathering the information utilizing the strategies referenced above, we got the accompanying reactions: Different sociological and social variables are significant in the presentation of the association. For instance, social assorted variety has joined various aptitudes and imagination from various ethnicities which have assisted with improving the presentation of the association. This association has attempted to consolidate different sociological and social angles to upgrade its exhibition. For example, it has utilized profoundly instructed and qualified representatives for proficient occupations and has additionally utilized manual laborers who dont have advanced education capabilities for manual employments. The association follows specified strategies and methodology which characterize that the representatives of the association ought to never be separated by their race, shading, sexual orientation, religion, training level, or some other social or social factor. These arrangements and methods have assisted with improving the administrations offered by the association. The approaches of the association against the segregation of the laborers are in accordance with the national strategies and rules against separation of different individuals by their social and social contrasts. We have distinctive social and social contrasts as representatives of a similar association. We ought to overlook our social and social contrasts and work like siblings and sisters to live respectively in amicability (Moran, Abramsom, and Sarah, 2014). This has consistently been my way to deal with managing social and social contrasts in my every day life experiences. This association has attempted its best to address the customers social and social issues. It should ensure it treats all the customers of various social and social contrasts similarly in all the parts of its activity for it to appreciate greatest advantages from various social gatherings and societies. Customer support In our information assortment process, we ran over numerous respondents a large portion of which were the customers of this wellbeing association. In this segment, we will examine the socio-social data of three distinct customers who we went over. The diverse socio-social data of the customers is appeared in the table beneath: Customer Socio-social data Way data was accumulated Reaction (data or administration) 1 Age Utilizing oral meeting strategy 75 years 2 Sexual orientation Utilizing perception strategy Female 3 Instruction level Utilizing survey technique Lone rangers level The information of the primary customer was acquired utilizing an oral meeting which was directed inside the compound of the wellbeing association. The socio-social data viable was the age of the customer, and it was understood that the customer was 75 years old. The other financial viable was the sexual orientation for the subsequent customer. The subsequent customer was a female which could be told through direct perception strategy. The third and the last socio-social data viable was the training level of the customer. From the poll technique, the third respondent (customer) was resolved to have a single men level of instruction. The consequences of all the three respondents whose financial information was adjusted is organized in the table above. The diverse financial data of all the three distinct customers talked about above is a reasonable pointer that this wellbeing association focuses on all the customers paying little mind to their disparities in the financial status. Work environment correspondence methodologies In any association, it is in every case great to have great relational abilities particularly towards the customers or clients who have an extraordinary influence to upgrade the presentation and flourishing of the association (Nicotera and Putnam, 2009). As a worker of this association, I additionally need to improve my relational abilities and be mindful particularly when managing the customers. The administrator of the association has great relational abilities and utilizations a politeness in the entirety of his interchanges paying little heed to who he is conversing with. Being amenable and watching kindness is significant for any association as it encourages the customers to feel acknowledged and will consistently go to the association once more (Jacobson, 2009). Kindness and affableness isn't possibly required when conversing with the customers yet in addition while having your conversations in various gatherings as laborers. Great relational abilities are significant and worthwhile. I recall when we were examining inside the work environment, and the great relational abilities brimming with good manners and civility of one of our gathering individuals who was tending to us earned him an advancement in the activity place. Supervisors need to have excellent relational abilities for them to deal with the representatives and different customers adequately (Whetten and Cameron, 2014). In this association, criticism is constantly given in composed structure or might be given orally on occasion. When giving orally, it is required to be wary, well mannered, perceptible, and clear to ensure the customer gets the input as required. Kindness, courteousness, discernibility, and clearness are among the primary prerequisites of viable correspondence (DeV ito, 2015). This implies all the laborers of the association; I included, ought to improve their relational abilities to be exceptionally clear, perceptible, gracious, and respectful. Great relational abilities are all around specified in the associations approaches and systems and ought to be followed carefully. Improvement and execution of administration programs I interfaced with different customers inside and out the wellbeing association. I found that the greater part of the basic issue on medical problems were setting off to the wellbeing communities which are found somewhat a long way from the homes of a great many people. This was a significant issue particularly for the old who didn't have some youngsters dealing with them. I chose to visit the older and focus on their wellbeing status since the old are the most inclined to various ailments (Mackowiak and Liang, 2007, pp.441-456). I drew in them in up close and personal conversations which could assist me with knowing their medical issues. Our association has put aside a unique program which looks the wellbeing undertakings of the old (70+ years) in an extraordinary way. Our wellbeing officials have the records of all the older and visit them at any rate once consistently to check their wellbeing conditions and offer any clinical help where essential. The visits are generally brimming with wellbeing exercises and a few medicines where important to improve the lives and the wellbeing status of the old (Haboubi and Ahmed, 2010, pp.207-216). As a worker of this wellbeing association, Im one of the individuals given the obligations of visiting different extraordinary gatherings inside the network to check their wellbeing conditions. I do speak with the uncommon individuals to realize their wellbeing conditions and report my discoveries to the supervisory group of the wellbeing association for them to take the important measures. The serious issues I experience in my work is trouble by certain individuals from the network. A few people will not uncover their wellbeing data to outsiders, and this makes the assignment extremely hard. I am driven away from such individuals unattended and manage the individuals who give their wellbeing conditions for help. Our work, as a wellbeing association agrees to the legitimate structure and offers top notch clinical administrations to the old and the others as a rule. As an association, we use drugs and other wellbeing items which have been acknowledged by different legitimate collections of the nation. The program has been extremely successful as it has figured out how to help a large number of older and others with some uncommon wellbeing needs. We have additionally got databases with the wellbeing information of the vast majority of the old and others with uncommon wellbeing prerequisites which has upgraded the clinical administrations we offer to them and the others all in all. Wellbeing databases of the individuals are extremely important for any wellbeing association as they improve the capacity of the people groups wellbeing information which streamlines the treatment forms (McLafferty, and Sara, 2011). Aptitudes and information action Activity The program of visiting various gatherings with various wellbeing necessities was intended to improve the wellbeing states of the individuals in those uncommon gatherings. It would likewise assist with improving my relationship with them and the connections among themselves as various gatherings could meet, in

How to Get out of a Rut

How to Get out of a Rut Happiness Print How to Get out of a Rut Psychological Strategies to Get Unstuck By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 19, 2020 Dan Brownsword / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All We all go through periods where we feel like we might be stuck in a rut. In fact, its not uncommon to feel like youre just going through the motions, treading water, or jogging in place. Youre doing the same old things, but it doesnt seem like you are actually getting anywhere. Things that used to excite you start to feel less interesting. Instead of moving forward toward your goals, youre remaining stagnant. These feelings can be frustrating. But, there are things that you can do to not only figure out why youre stuck, but also learn how to get motivated and excited again. Recognizing the Signs Youre Stuck in a Rut Being stuck is something you may not even notice at first. These feelings often build slowly over time. Day after day, you might follow your same routines. Eventually, it feels less like you are working toward something and more like youre just killing time. Here are some of the signs that you might be stuck in a rut. Every day seems the same. You might even have trouble remembering what day of the week it is. Is it Monday, or is it Friday? It doesn’t matter because your days feel indistinguishable from one another.You feel like youre just trying to get through another day. Your goal is to keep putting one foot ahead of the other until the day is done. You dont feel excited or inspired.You feel unmotivated. You might want to take on new projects or engage in creative tasks, but it feels like your motivation has run dry. You just cant seem to get started.You feel unfulfilled. Life feels dull and boring. You want to try new things, but you dont know where to begin.You want to change, but fear the temporary discomfort that comes with it. You know that changing things up will make you happier in the long run, but you keep sticking with the status quo because it means you wont have to risk any pain or failure. Sometimes these feelings may be more than just being stuck in a rut. Such feelings may be signs of something more serious, such as persistent depressive disorder (PDD). This mild, but chronic, mood disorder is characterized by symptoms that are less severe than depression but can often be longer-lasting. People often experience these symptoms for years without recognizing that what theyre feeling is actually a form of depression. Low mood, decreased energy, loss of interest, and loss of pleasure are all common symptoms of this condition. If you suspect that you may be experiencing PDD, talk to your doctor about your symptoms. Finding the Source of Your Rut While you might recognize that you are stuck in a rut, you might not know what the next step should be. One thing to remember is that not all ruts are the same. Figure out whats causing your discontentment before you make any drastic changes in your life. For instance, you might feel like you are in a rut with your romantic partner. Or perhaps your job is the source of your feelings. Even your health, your family situation, your friendships, your hobbies, or your home can cause unhappiness. Dont criticize or berate yourself once you understand the root cause of your feelings. Its easy to minimize the problem and try to make your feelings seem trivial. You might think: I have a great life, or I dont have a right to feel this way. But, these thoughts are counterproductive and keep you trapped in the rut. While things may be just fine as they are, if youre not satisfied, its time to make changes and regain your spark. Getting Out of a Rut Once youve acknowledged what youre feeling, start looking for ways to get unstuck. There are a number of ways to break the negative cycle and move forward. Here are a few ideas on how to get out of a rut. Take Care of Yourself When you feel stuck in a rut, combat it by taking care of yourself. Self-compassion is critical to mental wellness. Start with a quick assessment of how well youve been taking care of you. Have you been eating well? Are you sleeping enough? Have you been spending enough time with people who care about and support you? If something is lacking in the self-care department, now is the time to address it. Healthy food, adequate sleep, daily exercise, and social support are all essential to your physical and emotional health. Look for ways to treat yourself a little better. Taking care of yourself ensures you have the energy to stay focused and excited about your life. Change Your Routines Its hard to move forward or branch out if youre following the same routines day after day. People are creatures of habit, and sometimes feeling stuck stems from boredom. Look for ways to add different experiences to your day. Here are some things you might try. Strike up a conversation. Talking to new people is a great way to expand your social connections. Plus, you will learn interesting things about the people around you.Have some fun. Spend some time engaged in an activity you truly love. Whether its hanging out with friends or pursuing a hobby, set aside time during the week and focus your energy on having a good time.Try something new. Whether its taking a new route to work, watching a new show, or signing up for a class, exploring the world around you can add zest to your life.Be spontaneous. If youre bored with your life, live in the moment. Do things that are not pre-planned. Say yes to new experiences; and dont be afraid to do the unexpected. Try Heading Outdoors Researchers have discovered that being in nature has a positive impact on the brain. For example, one study found that taking a walk outside reduced self-referential rumination, a behavior that can increase the risk of depression. Another study found that nature walks were associated with decreased depression, lowered stress, and increased mental well-being. Not only can being outside increase your mental wellness, studies have shown that it enhances creativity as well. The next time youre feeling bogged down, try going for a walk. Let go of the thoughts circling around in your brain. Pay attention to the world around you. Allow yourself to relax, think of new things, and enjoy the beauty you see. If nothing else, its a great way to get some exercise. You will return to your everyday life with a renewed sense of wonder. Find Your Purpose Its easy to fall into a rut when it feels like youre not really working toward anything. Having things to look forward to and a sense of purpose are key ingredients for motivation. For instance, life goals related to your career or your relationships can provide a sense of purpose. Even small things, like having plans for Friday night, can lift your spirits. In fact, researchers have discovered that having something to look forward to helps people cope with troubles in the here and now. Psychologists have long recognized the importance of delayed gratification. By holding out for larger rewards in the future, people build better self-control and stronger willpower. In one study, chronic gamblers were asked to think about upcoming events like a future vacation. By doing so, they were able to curb their impulse to gamble. Thinking about the future allowed them to focus on their long-term goals rather than giving in to the desire for immediate gratification. Here are some ways to give yourself something to look forward to. Make plans. There is a great deal of power in anticipation. Sometimes you might look forward to existing events, such as the release of a movie or your favorite holiday. But you also can create these moments intentionally. Plan a vacation, even if its just taking a day trip to a local spot. Call or text friends and make plans for Friday night. Give yourself things to look forward to and get excited about.Dont overlook the little things. Even small daily and weekly rewards such as being able to go to your favorite place for lunch or tuning into your favorite TV show once a week are great ways to build a sense of anticipation for the future.Volunteer to serve others. Having a sense of purpose also comes from helping others. Look for ways to contribute in your community. Or, focus on helping your friends or loved ones with a project. Participate in your church. Volunteer with a local organization. Or, even engage in political activism. Such activities give you a sense of greater purpose and meaning. Boost Your Motivation Sometimes getting out of a rut happens spontaneously. For example, you might feel stuck in a rut one day and then something suddenly clicks into place and the feelings vanish. In other cases, you might need to take a more active approach. One way to do that is to focus on your motivation. Here are some ways to get motivated, even when you dont feel particularly interested or excited about what you are doing. Take small steps. Pick something that you think you might like to pursue, such as a new hobby or workout program. Start small with something you know you can accomplish, yet is just outside of your current skill level. Dont wait for motivation or inspiration to strike. Just get going. Force yourself to get through the first step. Once you have mastered it, pick another small step and master it. Eventually, going through the motions will be a thing of the past and you will feel involved, excited, and interested in learning more.Reward yourself. Positive reinforcement is helpful when youre struggling to get motivated. Promise yourself a reward for starting the task. Then, continue to reward yourself after completing each step. Eventually, pull back on the rewards, but promise yourself a larger reward once you have reached your goals. Rewards can get you started and help generate greater interest in what you are working on. Squash Perfectionism If you struggle with perfectionism, this can keep you stuck in the same place. No matter how hard you try, it seems like whatever youre working on is never good enough. But, you need to squash your tendencies toward perfectionism right away and recognize that done is better than perfect. In other words, rather than trying to make a project perfect, be satisfied with the fact that you completed it. If left unchecked, perfectionism can keep you spinning your wheels for a very long time. Instead, focus on completing projects and moving forward rather than striving for perfection. Let yourself make mistakes. Embrace the fact that you have given your best effort and move on. In time, you will be much more productive and creative when youre no longer tethered to perfectionism. A Word From Verywell Feeling stuck in a rut can be frustrating. But with a little effort, you can add a sense of novelty, adventure, and excitement back into your life. If youre feeling overwhelmed by that thought, you might be experiencing something more serious. Loss of interest in things you enjoyed, difficulty feeling happy emotions, and a sense of hopelessness are symptoms of depression. If what youre feeling is more than just being stuck in a rut, talk to your doctor right away.

The Legacy Of John F. Kennedy - 1176 Words

John F. Kennedy did a lot for our country although his presidential term was cut short. He had a certain allure to him that Americans liked. Kennedy knew what to do to gain the votes of all different types of voters no matter their age, race, or religion. His campaign and presidency have inspired even today’s presidents and presidential candidates in multiple ways. John F. Kennedy was a spectacular man and president that brought a fresh feel to America and who left a legacy that will never be forgotten. Kennedy came from a line of businessmen and politicians, so it only fit that he would follow. His father, Joseph Sr. Kennedy, had very high expectations for his family of 7 children. John was not always the best student in school, but he was clever and enjoyed history and English. He entered into Harvard University in 1936 and played football. Kennedy’s father was appointed United States Ambassador to England in 1937, and because of this, John became very interested in p olitics and world affairs.1 After graduating from Harvard, JFK entered the military and became a Lieutenant. He even received a Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his leadership and courage. He then decided to become a politician, and he served 3 terms in the House of Representatives then was elected to the U.S. senate in 1952. Kennedy became quite popular as a politician, so it was no surprise when he was nearly picked to run for Vice President in the 1956 election. Therefore, he decided to run for president inShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy1129 Words   |  5 PagesPresidents relate in life and none in death. Most people know John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States, the youngest president, and one of fewest presidents that was killed. But what was JFKs legacy? JFK was born on May, 29th, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts, a quiet, clam suburb in Boston. As a child John F. Kennedy was mostly referred to the name Jack, by friends and family. His parents, Rose and Joseph Kennedy were too involved with social rank and their place in BostonsRead MoreThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy1917 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is a legacy? Is it strictly a visible, touchable object? A legacy is not just an object that people can see; it can be a dream or an idea. Although his life came to a tragic end, John F. Kennedy was one of the many presidents that served his term of presidency with compassion and dedication, and also, he left behind an unforgettable legacy to live on for the generations to come. His legacy was both an idea and dream that still affects many Americans today, as he led people to believe that heRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1085 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy made history as America’s youngest and first Catholic President. JFK, or â€Å"Jack† Kennedy, was born into a wealthy family, who were considered American royalty. Jack Kennedy was only our President for a few short years, but the stories of his assassination and his legacy live on today. President Kennedy was easily one of America’s most famous leaders of all time. John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917. Jack was the second of nine children bornRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F Kennedy1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Democrat that stood with his hand on the living holy scripture would not only be known as the youngest man to enter the sacred halls of the White House, but also as the one that entrusted his heart and soul for the love of his nation. John Fitzgerald Kennedy recited what seemed like ancient words bound within the inaugural speech with more than a noticeable Boston pronunciation. The unforeseen knowledge that this young senator would be the victim of a deadly attack left the world innocent. ThisRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy980 Words   |  4 PagesBorn in 1917, John F. Kennedy grew up in a wealthy family with influence both politically, and economically. His grandfather was a famous politician, his father a billionaire, and his brothers he grew up with would go on to become well known politicians . Growing up in a family like this, it would appear hard to distinguish yourself, however, JFK would go on to surpass them all by becoming the 35th, and perhaps most beloved president of the United States. As president JFK was popular. He was youngRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1879 Words   |  8 PagesUnited State of America which was John F. Kennedy has been assassinated. Lyndon’s purpose of the speech was comfort America after the death of John F. Kennedy and also to insure America that with this horrific tragedy that America has to go through he will continue the act of the forward thrust of America that John F. Kennedy had begun to do while he was in was the President. Also Johnson ensures America that John F. Kennedy will live on with us. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the youngest president heRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1480 Words   |  6 Pagesvice president had given him prominence and experience where communism was concerned.. Democrats, meanwhile, nominated the relatively unknown John F. Kennedy, a young but accomplished senator from Massachusetts who had served with distinction in World War II and had won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1956 book Profiles in Courage .At only forty-three years old, Kennedy exuded a youthful confidence that contrasted sharply with Nixon’s serious demeanor—a contrast that was plainly evident in the first-ever liveRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesOn November 22, 1963 the lives of John F. Kennedy, Harvey Lee Oswald, Jack Ruby, Jacqueline Kennedy-Onassis, Lyndon B. Johnson. John Connally, Abraham Zupruder, and several others , all took a dramatic turning point. On November 22, 1963 President John Fittzgerald Kennedy was assassinated in the Dealey Plaza of Dallas Texas. Less than two hours later CBS News showed Harvey Lee Oswald in handcuffs at Dallas Police Headquarters. Harvey Lee Oswald was born October 18, 1939 in New Orleans, LouisianaRead MoreLeadership And Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1388 Words   |  6 PagesJohn F. Kennedy His Leadership Legacy John F. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts and was known as (Jack). He was the son of Joseph P. Kennedy, an ambassador to Great Britain during Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. The Kennedy’s were one of the wealth family in American. He was one of the most important leader in America. When he graduated from Harvard University in 1940 he wrote a winning note with his publication of â€Å"Why England Slept†, it was an expansionRead MoreThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesOur Fellow American The late president John Fitzgerald Kennedy once said, â€Å"Sure its a big job; but I dont know anyone who can do it better than I can† (â€Å"John F. Kennedy† BrainyQuote.com). Kennedy was a young and fresh political figure at the time of his election in 1960. The thirty-fifth president of the United States was born May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the youngest president ever, as well as the first and only Roman Catholic president (Bass, et al.). His presidency was

The Ethics Of Animal Research Essay - 1588 Words

PHILOSOPHY 106 - Is the use of Animals in Biomedical Research Morally Justified? Animals have been treated immorally since the beginning of time, this is shown by hunting, farming, trapping, testing of products and biomedical research etc. As humans, majority of us claim animals as our resources as we use them for eating, making clothing, (leather and fur jackets, shoes) working animals, as a means of transport, animal testing etc. In this essay I will discuss the use of animals in biomedical research and state why some believe it is morally justified. I will then present an objection to argue why biomedical research is morally unjustified and why I believe this. I will write this essay using resources from Tom Regan s, â€Å"The case for animal rights†, David DeGrazia’s, â€Å"The ethics of animal research: what are the prospects for agreement?’, Baruch A. Brody’s, â€Å"Defending animal research: An international perspective† and Peter Singer’s, â€Å"Animal Liberation at 30†. I will then come to my own conclusi on based on the different perspectives from the above philosophers and by using my own knowledge on the issue. In this first half of the essay I will discuss the different viewpoints from the philosophers Regan, DeGrazia and Singer on their perspectives on why biomedical research is morally unjustified. In Tom Regan s â€Å"The Case for Animal Rights† he argues that animals have a quality that can t be decreased to their utility and puts forth a defense to eliminate harm brought aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Animal Research967 Words   |  4 PagesJr.’s argument â€Å"The Commonsense Case against Animal Experimentation† in The Ethics of Animal Research attempts to answer the problems of animal research through use of common sense. He does this by trying to give and objective (middle ground) argument against animal research and points out what everyone would consider being inhumane treatment of animals. Engle says: My argument for the immorality of using animals as test subjects in biomedical research is predicated on several widely accepted, commonsenseRead MoreResearch Ethics : Animal And Clinical Research1188 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Ethics: Animal and Clinical Research When it comes to clinical research, many people think of clinical trials, but that’s only merely a small portion of a process towards a medical development involving a process call bench to the bedside. Clinical research outline scientific investigation involving animal or human subjects helping translate basic research into new treatments that would be valuable to patients. Clinical trials can contain a variety of research under the departments of physiologyRead MoreEthics of Animal Research Essay537 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Animal Research One of the many issues of todays conversations is still confusing on my understanding it. Is it ethical for people to engage in animal research for human excellence? And if so, just how far can animal research be taken to meet these achievements for human kind? When thinking about this, I would conclude that animals over human beings do not have any rights what so ever, but I would be the biggest hypocrite in the world by saying this due to believing my doggyRead MoreEssay about The Ethics and Limitations of Animal Research 1550 Words   |  7 Pages The moral status of animals is an issue of much debate in Science. According to The Royal Society, the oldest scientific academy nowadays, it would have been impossible for science and medicine to develop so without animal research (â€Å"The Use of Non-Human Animals in Research†, 2004). Nevertheless, do the human medical benefits really justify the animal suffering in animal research? If so, what should are the possible considerations and limitations related to the matter? It appears to be a challengeRead MoreThe Ethics of Animal Use in Biomedical Research Essay1865 Words   |  8 Pagesout of philosophical circle, animals have traditionally been seen as significantly different from, and inferior to, humans because they lacked a certain intangible quality – reason, moral agency, or consciousness – that made them moral agents. Recently however, society has patently begun to move beyond this strong anthropocentric notion and has begun to reach for a more adequa te set of moral categories for guiding, assessing and constraining our treatment of other animals. As a growing proportionRead MoreIs Ethical Ethics Used Animals For Scientific Research?1403 Words   |  6 PagesKylee Roberts 8th grade Mrs.King April 26, 2016 Is it ethical to use animals for scientific research? When cosmetics and diseases popped up scientists didn’t want to test cures on humans, so they test cures and cosmetics on animals. At first it was little things that weren’t a problem, then they went too far. Animals are starved, shocked, burned, and poisoned as scientists look for something that just might yield some human benefit. In one case, baby mice had their legs chopped off soRead MoreEthics of Animal Testing754 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Animal Testing For my paper I chose the topic of animal testing because I have always been very passionate for animals and against animal abuse. I have never believed in animal testing and that there were always other alternatives. I wanted to look further into and educate myself about what is being done about this and why it is an ethical issue. I have come up with an axiom to summarize this topic. Testing animals in research revolves around the relative or moral value of humans and animalsRead MoreEthics in Psychology Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Psychology Our country was founded on certain moral principles. The moral principles which guide our lives are referred to as ethics. These ethics have an impact on how we interact with the world around us and shape our personalities; this happens even if we do not realize their immediate impact. It is for this very reason that ethics in psychological research became necessary. â€Å"One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complexRead MoreThe Ethical Codes Of Human Research Ethics1035 Words   |  5 Pagesconduct in regards to both humans and animals. Milgram’s (1963) obedience experiment prompted various issues related to human research ethics. In Milgram’s initial experiment, participants were asked to electric shock others in order to test their level of obedience to an authority figure. According to the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Human Research Ethics (2010), Milgram put the studies parti cipants at more than minimal risk as the research brought on visible levels of psychologicalRead MoreEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?600 Words   |  3 PagesEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree? Ever since the scientific revolution, there have been countless breakthroughs in the scientific field. From the invention of the light bulb to the computers we stare at daily, it is axiomatic that such things can only happen due to the advancement in science. However, a myriad of scientific researches today have received strong opposition due to the ethical concerns regarding the research. This essay will agree that ethics hinder scientific research

WAC analysis Free Essays

Dry. Nearness’s Dilemma Written Analysis and Communication I Rushing Patella (Section D) Submitted to Proof. Rhino Patella Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on WAC analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Paola Thomas on July 2nd, 2011 Indian Institute of Management, Mohammedan. Letter of Transmittal TO Dry. Meridian Indian Medical (Asides) College (MIMIC) Achaean, Tamil Nadia Subject: Suggested course of action for Dry. Meridian Dear Dry. Meridian, Attached herewith is a short report analyzing the various alternatives available to you in response to Dry. Rampart’s request regarding acquiring and commercialism patent on his research. After evaluation of various options, the recommended elution Is to sign an agreement with a manufacturer and gain annual royalties on sales of medicine. Detailed analysis is presented in the report attached herewith. Regards, Rusher’s Patella student, WIMP Jan 5th, 2011 Executive Summary The key problem to be addressed is how to respond to the request made by fellow faculty member Dry. Earmark to ensure the intellectual property protection and centralization of his formulation targeting coronary atherosclerosis and what might be the possible repercussions of the decision on MIMIC and Asides medicine system. The Recommendation 9 Action Plan 9 Exhibits†¦. Situation Analysis Indian Medical College (MIMIC) was established in 2004 in Achaean (Tamil Nadia) to be a centre of excellence in Asides medicine by imparting higher education, promoting its use and researching various aspects of it. The key problem is the proposal put forth by Dry. Earmark to MIMIC three months ago in early October 2010 that MIMIC should ensure the patenting and commercialism of his herb-mineral cardiovascular Asides formulation that can be used for the treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. It has 90% chances of securing intellectual property rights as per a legal firm. The unique selling propositions of the formulation include non-invasive technique, cost- effectiveness, no side effects and reduction in need of vascular extents. Thus, it can be expected to have a great acceptance in market. It is understandable that the way this proposal is handled shall not only affect Dry. Earmark, MIMIC and its staff but also impact the future of Asides medicine system. The decision might impact the two referrers researching in aneurysm and treatment of septa defects and also the future of research activities at the institute. It is also true that validating gastric procedures and preparations may serve as a means to motivate other faculty members as well. Looking at Dry. Rampart’s past record of developing useful modified gastric formulations which included a successful preparation for infertility, his new formulation can be safely presumed to be equally useful. The information sheet he provided shows that the formulation has been through animal toxicity study and was also tried on patients yielding successful results. No Asides medicine has the acceptance of Asides medicine by alternative systems of medicine. The patenting of a Asides medicine backed by evidence of safety analysis would be a major leap towards recognition as a globally-accepted medicine system. The solutions provided by a couple of management education students seem to be quite useful but need to be carefully evaluated to find out the most optimal route and what might be its possible repercussions. The Problem To find the most optimal solution to Dry. Rampart’s proposal, keeping in mind, the interests of MIMIC, its staff and Asides medicine system. The Options The various alternatives that can be considered include: 1. Turning down Dry. Rampart’s proposal or 2. Directly transferring the rights to a third party for a one-time licensing fee or 3. Using a registered pharmaceutical setup to manufacture the medicine, but do the marketing itself or 4. Signing an agreement with a manufacturer and gain annual royalties on sales of medicine. Criteria for Evaluation Criteria in descending order of preferences: a. Impact on Asides medicine – Mimic interests’ lies in promotion of Asides medicine and hence, is the most important criterion. B. Interest of MIMIC – MIMIC mandate has to e followed and the interests of MIMIC staff have to be protected. C. Profitability – Higher profitability shall help in development of institute and promote further research in Asides medicine. Evaluation of Options 1. Turning down Dry. Rampart’s proposal a. Impact on Asides medicine – There shall be no apparent effect as such. But, the golden opportunity to foray into the global market and getting recognition amongst the conventional medicine systems shall be missed. B. Interest of MIMIC – Dry. Earmark shall be utterly disappointed with MIMIC and also the other two professors shall also feel denominated. C. Profitability – The institute shall not be able to capitalize on the commercial benefits on the formulation. 2. Directly transferring the rights to a third party for a one-time licensing fee Asides product. No significant credit of success shall go to MIMIC or Dry. Earmark as all the rights over the patent are handed over. B. Interest of MIMIC – Transferring the license will not let MIMIC commercialism the benefits of exploiting the formulations, and hence the interest of the institute might get affected. The other two professors might be motivated by the recognition and support rendered by MIMIC to Dry. Rampart’s research. C. Profitability – The expected return as per random variable distribution turns out to be RSI. 57,500 (Exhibit 1). Since the profitability is greater than 1, it is an acceptable proposal. . Using a registered pharmaceutical setup to manufacture the medicine, but do the marketing itself a. Impact on Asides medicine – The promotion of Asides medicine can be regulated in an efficient manner since the marketing responsibilities will be of MIMIC who shall dedicatedly work towards it. B. Interest of MIMIC – Dry. Earmark shall be extremely happy with MIMIC. The other two professors shall be motiv ated by the support displayed by MIMIC. However, lack of competent marketing professionals might restrict the progress of this approach. C. Profitability – This plan provides better profitability as compared to the previous plan (Exhibit 1). 4. Signing an agreement with a manufacturer and gain annual royalties on sales of medicine a. Impact on Asides medicine – This shall be the foray of Asides medicine towards getting recognition amongst the parallel medicine systems as it would be the first patented Asides drug backed by evidence to enter the market. It illustrates the best way as to how to reap commercial benefits of Asides formulation and shall also inspire other Asides colleges and researchers. B. Interest of MIMIC – Dry. Earmark shall be overwhelmed with Mimic response and the other two professors shall also derive inspiration from this. There are minimal responsibilities on the shoulders of MIMIC. The patent rights remain with MIMIC and hence, they own the formulation if the agreement ends before exclusivity period of patent. C. Profitability – This plan provides highest profitability I. E. 2. 21 and highest gross sales I. E. RSI. (Exhibit 1). Higher gross sales suggest promotion and acceptance of Asides medicine among masses. The Recommendation Action Plan Following steps are proposed to follow up on recommendation: 1 . How to cite WAC analysis, Papers

Nestle Swot Analysis free essay sample

The Infant Formula Controversy Nestle Alimentana ofVevey, Switzerland, one of the worlds largest food-processing companies with worldwide sales of over $8 billion, has been the subject of an international boycott. For over 20 years, beginning with a Pan American Health Organization allegation, Nestle has been directly or indirectly charged with involvement in the death of Third World infants. The charges revolve around the sale of infant feeding formula, which allegedly is the cause for mass deaths of babies in the Third World. In 1974 a British Journalist published a report that suggested that owdered-formula manufacturers contributed to the death of Third World infants by hard-selling their products to people incapable of using them properly. The 28-page report accused the industry of encouraging mothers to give up breast feeding and use powdered milk formulas. The report was later published by the Third World Working Group, a lobby in support of less-developed countries. The pamphlet was entitled Nestle Kills Babies, and accused Nestle of unethical and immoral behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Nestle Swot Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although there are several companies that market infant baby formula internationally, Nestle received most of the attention. This incident raises several issues important to all multinational companies. Before addressing these issues, lets look more closely at the charges by the Infant Formula Action Coalition and others and the defense by Nestle. on the intensive advertising and promotion of infant formula. Clever radio Jingles extol the wonders of the white mans powder that will make baby grow and glow. Milk nurses visit nursing mothers in hospitals and their homes and provide samples of formula. These activities encourage mothers to give up breast feeding and resort to bottle feeding because it is the fashionable thing to do or because eople are putting it to them that this is the thing to do. THE DEFENSE The following points are made in defense of the marketing of baby formula in Third World countries: . First, bottle carry states Nestle argues that the company has never advocat ed feeding instead of breast feeding. All its products a statement that breast feeding is best. The company that it believes that breast milk is the best food for The company offers as support of this statement one of Nestles oldest educational booklets on Infant Feeding and Hygiene, which dates from 1913 and encourages breast feeding.. However, the company does believe that infant formula has a vital role in proper infant nutrition as a supplement, when the infant needs nutritionally adequate and appropriate foods in addition to breast milk, and as a substitute for breast milk when a mother cannot or chooses not to breast feed. One doctor reports, Economically deprived and thus dietarily deprived mothers who give their children only breast milk are raising infants whose growth rates begin to slow noticeably at about the age of three months. These mothers then turn to supplemental feedings that are often harmful to children. These include herbal teas and concoctions of rice water or corn water and sweetened, condensed milk. These feedings can also be prepared with contaminated water and are served in unsanitary conditions. . Mothers in developing nations often have dietary deficiencies. In the Philippines, a mother in a poor family who is nursing a child produces about a pint of milk daily. Mothers in the United States usually produce about a quart of milk each day. For both the Filipino and U. S. mothers, the milk produced is equally nutritious. The problem is that there is less of it for the Filipino baby. If the Filipino mother doesnt ugment the childs diet, malnutrition develops. Many poor women in the Third World bottle feed because their work schedules in fields or factories will not permit breast feeding. The infant feeding controversy has largely to do with the gradual introduction of weaning foods during the period between three months and two years. The average well-nourished Western woman, weighing 20 to 30 pounds more than most women in less-developed countries, cannot feed only breast milk beyond five or six months. The claim THE CHARGES Most of the charges against infant formulas focus on the issue of whether advertising nd marketing of such products have discouraged breast feeding among Third World mothers and have led to misuse of the products, thus contributing to infant malnutrition and death. Following are some of the charges made: . A Peruvian nurse reported that formula had found its way to Amazon tribes deep in the Jungles of northern Peru. There, where the only water comes from a highly contaminated river-which also serves as the local laundry and toiletformula-fed babies came down with recurring attacks of diarrhea and vomiting. . Throughout thetheir supply. Some even believe thethe for Third World,many parents ilute mula to stretch bottle . One doctor reported that in a rural area, one newborn male itself has nutrient qualities and merely fill it with water. The result is extreme . whole ofMexico, the Philippines,a Central America, and the In rural the Africa, there has been dramatic decrease in 600 weighed 7 pounds. At four months of age, he weighed 5 pounds. His sister, aged 18 months, weighed 12 pounds, what one would expect a four-month-old baby to weigh. She later weighed only 8 pounds. The children had never been breast fed, and since birth their diets were basically bottle feeding. For a four-month-old baby, one can of formula should have lasted Just under three days. The mother said that one can lasted two weeks to feed both children. ncidence of breast feeding. Critics blame the decline largely Cases 1 An Overview 601 . Weaning foods can be classified as either native cereal that Third World women can breast feed exclusively for one or two years and have healthy, well-developed children is outrageous. Thus, all children beyond the ages of five to six months require supplemental feeding. gruels of millet or rice, or commercial ma nufactured milk formula. Traditional native eaning foods are usually made by mixing maize, rice, or millet flour with water and then cooking the mixture. Other weaning foods found in use are crushed crackers, sugar and water, and mashed bananas. There are twobasic dangers to the use of native weaning foods. First, the nutritional quality of the native gruels is low. Second, microbiological contamination of the traditional weaning foods is a certainty in many Third World settings. The millet or the flour is likely to be contaminated, the water used in cooking will most certainly be contaminated, and the cooking containers will e contaminated; therefore, the native gruel, even after it is cooked, is frequently contaminated with colon bacilli, staph, and other dangerous bacteria. Moreover, large batches of gruel are often made and allowed to sit, inviting further contamination. . Scientists recently compared the microbiological contami. The real nutritional problem in the Third World is not nation of a local native gruel with ordinary reconstituted milk formula prepared under primitive conditions. They found both were contaminated to similar dangerous levels. with nutritionally adequate foods when they are needed. Finding adequate locally roduced, nutritionally sound supplements to mothers milk and teaching people how to prepare and use them safely are the issues. Only effective nutrition education along with improved sanitationand goodfoodthatpeoplecan affordwillwin the fght against dietary deficiencies in the Third World. THE RESOLUTION In 1974,Nestle, aware of changing social patterns in the developing world and the increased access to radio and television there, reviewed its marketing practices on a region-by-region basis. As a result, mass media advertising of infant formula began to be phased out immediatelyin certain marketsand, by 1978,was banned worldwide y the company. Nestle then undertook to carry out more comprehensive health education programs to ensure that an understanding of the proper use of their products reached mothers, particularly in rural areas. Nestle fully supports the WHO [World Health Organization] Code. Nestle will continue to promote breast feeding and ensure that its marketing practices do not discourage breast feeding anywhere. Our company intends to maintain a constructive dialogue with governments and health professionals in all the countries it serves with the sole purpose of servicing mothers and the health of babies. This quote is from Nestle Discusses the Recommended WHO bifant Formula Code. In 1977, the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility in New Yorkcompiled a case against formula feeding in developing nations, and the Third World Institute launched a boycott against many Nestle products. Its aim was to halt promotion of infant formulas in the Third World. The Infant Formula Action Coalition (INFACT, successor to the Third World Institute), along with several other world organizations, successfully lobbied the World Health Organization to draft a code to regulate the advertising and marketing of infant ormula in the Third World. In 1981, by a vote of 114 to I (three countries abstained and the United States was the only dissenting vote), 118 member nations of WHO endorsed a voluntary code. The eight-page code urged a worldwide ban on promotion and advertising of baby formula and called for a halt to distribution offTee product samples or gifts to physicians who promoted the use of the formula as a substitute for breast milk. In May 1981 Nestle announced it would support the code and waited for individual countries to pass national codes that would then be put into effect. Unfortunately, very few such codes were forthcoming. By the end of 1983, only 25 of the 157 member nations of the WHO had established national codes. Accordingly, Nestle management determined it would have to apply the code in the absence of national legislation, and in February 1982 it issued instructions to marketing personnel that delineated the companys best understanding of the code and what would have to be done to follow it. In addition, in May 1982 Nestle formed the Nestle Infant Formula Audit Commission (NIFAC), chaired by former Senator Edmund 1 . Muskie, and asked the commission to review the companys instructions o field personnel to determine if they could be improved to better implement the Nations Childrens Fund) to try to obtain the most accurate interpretation ofthe code. NIFAC recommended several clarifications for the instructions that it believed would better interpret ambiguous areas of the code; in October 1982, Nestle accepted those recommendations and issued revised instructions to field personnel. Other issues within the code, such as the question of a warning statement, were still open to debate. Nestle consulted extensively with WHO before issuing its label warning tatement in October 1983, but there was still not universal agreement with it. Acting on WHO recommendations, Nestle consulted with firms experienced and expert in developing and field testing educational materials, so that it could ensure that those materials met the code. When the International Nestle BoycottCommittee (INBC) listed its four points of difference with Nestle, it again became a matter of interpretation of the requirements of the code. Here, meetings held by UNICEF proved invaluable, in that UNICEF agreed to define areas of differing interpretation-in ome cases providing definitions contrary to both Nestles and NBCs interpretations. It was the meetings with UNICEF in early 1984 that finally led to a Joint statement by Nestle and INBC on January 25. At that time, INBC announced its suspension of boycott activities, and Nestle pledged its continued support of the WHO code. NESTLE SUPPORTSWHO CODE The company has a strong record of progress and support in implementing the WHO code, including the following: Immediate support for the WHO code, May 1981, and testi- mony to this effect before the U. S. Congress, June 1981.. Issuance of instructions to ll employees, agents, and distributors in February 1982 to implement the code in all Third World countries where Nestle markets infant formula. Article 1 1. 3 of the WHO code, to ensure the companys compliance with the code. The commission, headed by . Establishment of an audit commission, in accordance with 602 Part6 Supplementary Material Edmund S. Muskie, was composed of eminent clergy and scientists. Representatives complying with World Health Organization and individual national codes on the subject. . Willingness to meet with concerned church leaders, interna. Issuance of revised nstructions to Nestle personnel, October . 1982, as recommended by the Muskie committee to clarify and give further effect to the code. Consultation with WHO, UNICEF,and NIFAC on how to interpret the code and how best to implement specific provisions, including clarification by WHO/UNICEF of the definition of children who need to be fed breast milk substitutes, to aid in determining the need for supplies in hospitals. tional bodies, and organization leaders seriously concerned with Nestles application of the code. THE NEW TWISTS A new environmental factor has made the entire case more complex: As of 2001 it as believed that some 3. million children around the world had contracted the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at their mothers breasts. In affluent countries mothers can be told to bottle feed their children. However,90 percent of the child infections occur in developing countries. There the problems of bottle feeding remain. Further, in even the most infected areas, 70 percent of the mothers do not carry the virus, and breast feeding is by far the best option. The vast majority of pregnant women in developing countries have no idea whether they are infected or ot. One concern is that large numbers of healthy women will switch to the bottle just to be safe. Alternatively, if bottle feeding becomes a badge of HIV infection, mothers may continue breast feeding Just to avoid being stigmatized. In Thailand, pregnant women are offered testing, and if found HIV positive, are given free milk powder. But in some African countries, where womenget pregnant at three times the Thai rate and HIV infection rates are 25 percent compared with the 2 percent in Thailand, that solution is much less feasible. Moreover, the latest medical evidence ndicates that extending breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer. Most recently the demand for infant formula in South Africa has outstripped supply as HIV-infected mothers make the switch to formula. Demand grew 20 percent in 2004 and the government is investigating the shortages as Nestle scrambles tocatch up with demand. The firm reopened a shuttered factory and began importing formula from Brazil. NESTLE POLICIES In the early 1970s Nestle began to review its infant formula marketing practices on a region-by-region basis. By 1978the company had stopped all consumer advertising nd direct sampling to mothers. Instructions to the field issued in February 1982 and clarified in the revised instructions of October 1982 to adopt articles of the WHO code as Nestle policy include the following: . No advertising to the general public . No sampling to mothers . No mothercraft workers . No use of commission/bonus . No use of infant pictures on labels . No point-of-sale advertising No financial or material inducements to promote products . Labels and educational materials clearly stating the hazards Limitation of supplies to those requested in writing and fulfilling genuine needs for breast milk ubstitutes A statement of the superiority of breast feeding on all labels/materials No samples to physicians except in three specific situations: a new product, a new product formulation, or a new graduate physician; limited to one or two cans of product THE ISSUES Many issues are raised by this incident and the ongoing swirl of culturalchange. Howcan a companydeal witha worldwide boycott of its products? Why did the United States decide not to support the WHO code? Who is correct, WHO or Nestle? A more important issue concerns the responsibility of an MNC marketing in eveloping nations. Setting aside the issues for a moment, consider the notion that, whether intentional or not, Nestles marketing activities have had an impact on the behavior of many people. In other words, Nestle is a cultural change agent. When it or any other company successfully introduces new ideas into a culture, the culture changes and those changes can be functional or dysfunctional to established patterns of behavior. The key issue is, What responsibility does the MNC have to the culture when, as a result of its marketing activities, it causes change in that culture? Finally,how might Nestle now participate in the battle against the spread of HIV and AIDS in developing countries? involved in incorrect usage of infant formula, developed in consultation with WHO/ UNICEF Even though Nestle stopped consumer advertising, it was able to maintain its share of the Third World infant formula market. In 1988 a call to resume the seven- year boycott was made by a group of consumer activist members of the Action for Corporate Accountability. The group claimed that Nestle was distributing free formula through maternity wards as a promotional tactic that undermined the practice of breast feeding. The group claimed that Nestle and others, including American Home Products, have continued to dump formula in hospitals and maternity wards and that, as a result, babies are dying as the companies are Breastfeeding Monitoring (IGBM) claimed Nestle continues to systematically violate the WHO code. Nestles response to these accusations is included on its Web site (see www. nestle. com for details). The boycott focus is Tasters Choice Instant Coffee, Coffee-mate Nondairy Coffee Creamer, Anacin aspirin, and Advil. QUESTIONS l. What are the responsibilities of companies in this or similar situations? 2. What ould Nestle have done to have avoided the accusations of killing Third World babies and still market its product? 3. After Nestles experience, how do you suggest it, or any other company, can protect itself in the future? Cases 1 An Overview 603 4. Assume you are the one who had to make the final decision on whether or not to promote and market Nestles baby formula in Third World countries. Read the section titled Ethical and Socially Responsible Decisions in Chapter 5 (pp. 148-149) as a guide to examine the social responsibility and ethical issues regarding the marketing approach and the promotion used. Were the decisions socially responsible? Were they ethical? 5. What advice would you give to Nestle now in light ofthe new problem of HIV infection being spread via mothers milk? This case is an update of Nestle in LDCs, a case written by J. Alex Murray, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada, and Gregory M. Gazda and Mary J. Molenaar, University of San Diego. The case originally appeared in the fifth edition of this text. The case draws from the following: International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1981); INFACT Newsletter, Minneapolis, February 1979; John A. Sparks, The Nestle Controversy-Anatomy of a Boycott (Grove City, PA: Public Policy Education Funds); WHO Drafts a Marketing Code, WorldBusiness WeeklyJanuary 19, 1981, p. 8; A Boycott over Infant Formula, Business Week,April 23, 1979, p. 137; The Battle over Bottle-Feeding, WorldPress Review. January 1980, p. 4; Nestle and the Role of Infant Formula in Developing Countries: The Resolution of a Conflict (Nestle Company, 1985); The Dilemma of Third World Nutrition (Nestle SA, 1985),20 pp. ; Thomas V. Greer, The Future of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes: The Socio-Legal Context, Inrernational Marketing Review, Spring 1984, pp. 33-41; James C. Baker, The International Infant Formula Controversy: A Dilemma in Corporate Social Responsibility,Journal of Business Ethics, 1985, no. 4, pp. 181-190; and Shawn Shows How to Gobble Markets, Fortune, January 16, 1989, p. 75. For a comprehensive and well-balanced review of the infant formula issue, see Thomas V. Greer, International Infant Formula Marketing: The Debate Continues, Advances in International Marketing, 1990, 4, pp. 207-225. For a discussion of the HIV Freedman and Steve Stecklow, Bottled Up: As UNICEF Battles Baby-Formula Makers, African Infants Sicken, WallStreet Journal, December 5, 2000; Rone Tempest, Mass Breast-Feeding by 1,128 Is Called a Record, Los Angele.. Times, August 4, 2002, p. 81; South Africa: Erratic Infant Formula Supply Puts PMTCT at Risk, All AfricalCOMTEX, August 22, 2005. Case 1-2 Nestle The Infant Formula Incident Summary of Case and Results In response to a pamphlet entitled Nestle Kills Babies, published in 1974 by the Swiss consumer/activist group, Arbeitsgruppe Dritte Welt, Nestle Alimentana filed a four-count libel suit against members of the organization. The pamphlet was a reprint of an earlier one entitled Bottled Babies, published by a similar British group. Both alleged that false advertising had prompted mothers in LDCs to use infant fonnula instead of breast feeding, and consequently caused the deaths of thousands of children. However, the original pamphlet had not mentioned Nestle or any of the other companies by name, and thus did not raise the issue of libel. Three of the charges, which Nestle subsequently withdrew, related to allegations made in the pamphlet about Nestles promotional methods in LDCs. The fourth charge, which led to a Judgment against thirteen embers of the group in June 1976, focused on the defamatory title Nestle Kills Babies. In his decision, the Judge stated that the cause behind the injuries and deaths was not Nestles products; rather, it was the unhygienic way they were prepared by end-users. Although Nestle won its case, the finns victory was diluted by (l) having to pay one third of the court costs and (2) being told by the Judge to change its marketing methods to prevent further misuse of its products. The defendants were ordered to pay $120 each in damages to Nestle and two thirds of court costs. Suggestions Companies selling consumable products (foods, beverages, hannaceuticals) to LDCs have long recognized the need to adapt their promotional techniques to their consumers who are, by and large, poor and illiterate. In recent years, one particular group of food producers-those firms making infant formula and other milk products-has come under severe attack by various religious, consumer and governmental organizations. Criticism focuses on two issues: (l) that companies allegedly use false advertising to induce mothers to substitute fonnula for their own milk, and (2) that firms are directly responsible when misuse of their products results in illness or death. The assault was dramatized in the recent Swiss case involving Nestle Alimentana. The responses of milk product manufacturers have ranged :from writing corporate policies on LDC marketing to organizing industry councils and holding meetings with pressure groups. But most significantly, companies have altered marketing practices in ways that other firms making consumable items should find instructive.